EUREKA PROJECT > 3792 TRIBOSTAND
- SUMMARY
- OUTLINE
- PARTICIPANTS
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BELGIUM
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FRANCE
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PORTUGAL
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BELGIUM
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SPAIN
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SPAIN
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SPAINSTANDARDISATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL LABORATORY TESTS.
TO COLLATE AND HARMONISE THE TRIBOLOGICAL TESTS THAT ARE USUALLY CONDUCTED BY THE PARTICIPATING CENTRES. THE OBJECTIVE IS TO ESTABLISH A TEST SERVICE FOR THESE CENTRES.
Status > ANNOUNCED - 10-Jun-2008 Technological Area Market Area Start Date > 01-Jan-2006 Duration > 54 Months Participating countries > SPAIN, PORTUGAL, FRANCE, BELGIUM | Main contactINSTITUTO DE TECNOLOGIA CERAMICA - AICE (ITC) DR. PHD MARIA JESUS IBANEZ > HEAD OF UNIT FOR SURFACES PROPERTIES Organisation type > Research Institute |
Project Description
This project is part of the EUREKA ENIWEP Umbrella, where the ultimate aim is to ensure the efficient transfer of tribology to the European economic fabric by generating European projects. Numerous test methods are currently available for studying the characteristics relating to friction and wear of materials. Quite often, the same property is measured with different apparatuses or methods, where the results cannot be compared with each other. On other occasions, it is necessary to design a specific apparatus in order to study a particular problem; however, the test results obtained with this apparatus cannot then be extrapolated to other materials. In order to address this problem, the most frequently performed tribology tests will be compiled and, wherever possible, a single method adopted for each test, based on the results of round-robin inter-comparison tests, studies of the variables, etc., so that the results obtained in the different technology centres or company laboratories can be extrapolated. Various standardisation actions are currently being undertaken in subjects relating to friction and wear of materials. A number of ENIWEP project partners are participating actively in these actions as members of the following Standardisation Committees on areas related to tribology: CEN (Centre europeen pour la normalisation) TC184 WG 5: Methods of Test for Ceramic Coatings. CEN BT WG 166: Nanotechnologies. ISO (International Standards Organisation) TC107 SC2: Test Methods for Metallic and Inorganic Coatings. ISO TC 229: Nanotechnologies. The participation of consortium members on these committees will help collate the tribological tests and the material means used to conduct these tests, and enable harmonising of the criteria among the different centres and companies participating in the project. This is expected to yield a group of common test protocols, which will allow for obtaining the same results, under the same conditions, at any laboratory that has the required means. Once these protocols have been obtained and their validity and traceability verified, a tribological analysis and test service will be established and will enable companies from different sectors to solve their problems at any member centre of the service; the choice of centre will depend only on the particular needs of each company. The consortium could be opened to: - Research groups specialised in tribology and interested in harmonising their tests and/or taking part in the mentioned test service. - Equipment manufacturers interested in developing or adapting their equipment according to the standardised tests. - Companies whose products are subjected to wear and friction processes, and who are interested in taking part in establishing test procedures and test services. Keywords: tribology, standardisation, coatings.
Technological Development Envisaged
The project will last three years and will begin with the compilation of all the tribological tests currently being conducted at the different participating Research Centres. The tests considered most appropriate will then be selected. The criteria for the selection of the tests will be: - Applicability to different types of materials (metals, ceramics, polymers); - Proven validity of obtained results; - Inexistence of approved standard. The tasks required for establishing the most appropriate protocols for each of the previously selected tests will be carried out in the course of the project by establishing the working variables and conducting round-robin inter-comparison tests to validate the methods. Finally, a single protocol will be established for each test and the participating Research Centres will launch a tribological test service external to the companies from the different sectors involved. The following activities will be carried out: Activity 1. Bibliographic search Compilation of all the standards and regulations related to the methods under study. Activity 2. Selection of tests to be included in the project First, each participating Research Centre will supply a list of its own possible non-standardised tests to be included in the project. This information will then enable the collation of all the protocols presently being used to conduct these tests, together with the standards and reference documents. This activity will yield a definitive joint list of the tests to be studied during the project. Activity 3. Selection of equipment and samples for performance of the tests Once the test methods to be studied have been established, the equipment available in the consortium for carrying out the necessary tests will be inventoried. The samples on which each test is to be conducted will also be established. Specifically, the following tasks will be carried out: * Task 3.1: Preparation of a list of the equipment available at each Research Centre for conducting the tests previously selected in Activity 2. * Task 3.2: In most cases, the participants in the project will have different items of equipment for carrying out the same test. Therefore, it will be necessary to provide a selection of appropriate standards for their calibration (verification). Round-robin inter-comparison tests will be held to validate the results of all the available equipment. The results obtained will be analysed. * Task 3.3: The materials to be used for the performance of the different tests will be selected by taking into account the types of materials to which each test is devoted and each material's range of properties. In the cases where the same test is used for several types of materials, these will all need to be available for study. Samples with different characteristics (surface roughness, mechanical properties, type of coating, etc.), encompassing the entire working range, will be prepared in accordance with the selection made. Activity 4. Study of the tests (one activity per test) A similar activity will be programmed for each test to be studied. All these activities will follow the same work scheme: * Task 4.1: Tests will be conducted applying different values to the working variables that might influence the results. Analysis of the results will then allow for establishing the optimum value of each variable, which will be adopted as valid. * Task 4.2: Tests will be conducted under the conditions established in the foregoing sub-task on the materials selected in Task 3.3. * Task 4.3: Round-robin inter-comparison tests will be carried out by the participating Centres on two of the materials used in Task 4.2. * Task 4.4: The results obtained in Task 4.3 will be analysed and an uncertainty calculation will be made where applicable. * Task 4.5: Based on the results obtained and verifications conducted, a common definitive protocol will be drawn up for the test. This activity will be repeated for each test included in the project. Activity 5. Start-up of a test service The members of the consortium will launch an external tribological test service in which they will offer companies from the different related sectors the harmonised tests that result from this project. To develop this service it will be necessary to create a Website for the project, through which the requests for tests by clients can be channelled. The Website will feature a catalogue detailing the test capabilities of each of the organisations in the project consortium. Activity 6. Dissemination of results * Task 6.1: Submission of protocols to standardisation committees The tests selected for the creation of a service outside the companies will be standardised in the future with a view to fostering the service. For this, the relevant protocols of these tests will be submitted to the corresponding standardisation committees. * Task 6.2: Dissemination of the project results The results obtained will be disseminated via the following channels: - Publication of the research results in specialised scientific journals. - Oral communications at conferences that are widely attended by technicians from the sectors involved. - Oral communications at companies from the respective sectors, organised in cooperation with the business or trade associations to which these companies belong. - Publication of the project results in the dissemination channels of the EUREKA Umbrella in the different countries and, in particular, on the ENIWEP Umbrella Website. Activity 7. Project management The project management and coordination will involve the following tasks: - Preparation of a report for each task. - Preparation of technical and cost justification reports. - Coordination of meetings with the help and advice of TEKNIKER and other partners. The meetings will focus on defining the work plan details, transferring the results from the different tasks and monitoring the work plan. - Acting as a permanent contact point for all partners in regard to their participation in the project and maintaining a high level of communication in the consortium. - Facilitating administrative tasks and notifying the consortium of due dates, etc. The project will be conducted in the framework of the ENIWEP Umbrella. The day-to-day information will be handled by e-mail. In order to ensure efficient management and communication among the partners, the coordinator will operate a project Website. The Website will contain technical and management information, with an area accessible by any person external to the project, and a restricted area accessible only by the partners. The Website will be used as a tool by the future end-users of the external tribological test service proposed in this project. For appropriate management of the entire project, it is planned to organise several meetings in the course of the project. These meetings will be held at and hosted by various partner organisations. The coordinator is responsible for calling the meetings, identifying the host organisation, and preparing the agendas. The following list details the meetings and reports planned as part of ensuring appropriate overall project management: MONTH REPORT Meeting 1: Planning meeting Month: 1 Report: - Meeting 2: Monitoring meeting Month: 6 Report: - Meeting 3: First year progress meeting Month: 12 Report: R1 Meeting 4: Monitoring meeting Month: 18 Report: - Meeting 5: Second year progress meeting Month: 24 Report: R2 Meeting 6: Monitoring meeting Month: 30 Report: - Meeting 7: Third year progress meeting Month: 36 Report: R3 These meetings will deal with the different technical and management aspects involved in the project. More technical meetings can be organised if needed in order to optimise scientific and technical aspects.
Main contactFALEX TRIBOLOGY N.V. DR. DIRK DREES > DIRECTOR - C.E.O. Organisation type > SME |
Contribution to project
?ACTIVITY 1. BIBLIOGRAPHIC SEARCH Contribution of standards in the field, focussed on ASTM standards. ACTIVITY 2. SELECTION OF TESTS In this activity, we participate by presenting the equipment categories, or test categories available at FALEX TRIBOLOGY NV. These include: 1. Tests for determining wear resistance - Ball-on-disk and pin-on-disk with tribometer acc. ASTM G-99. - Ball/Pin-on-disk with micro-tribometer: rotating and reciprocating sliding tests. - Reciprocating friction/wear tests with macro-tribometer TE77 (comparative to SRV). - Rotating wear test Thrust Washer ASTM D3702 (and variations) for polymers and materials. - and other tests available, based on Block-on-ring, Multi-specimen, Pin-on-Disk, Four-Ball Wear, etc.. 2. Scratch tests - Micro-scratch tests (microN - 10 N); constant load. - Multi-pass micro-scratch tests (microN - 10 N); constant load. - Single and Multi-pass micro-scratch tests (microN - 10 N); increasing load. 3. Tests for determining friction force - Friction force according to ASTM standard procedures (Pin&Vee Block, Block-on-Ring, Four Ball, Thrust-Washer, etc.). - Friction force measurements in micro-range: dependence of friction force on load. 4. Test for lubricated contacts A range of ASTM lubricant tests are available. We have to see which tests are also available at other institutes. We know that TEKNIKER has similar equipment so we can carry out standardisation tests with them. ACTIVITY 3. Development and selection of equipment and samples for carrying out tests. Our input will be mainly focused on the development of sliding test set ups suitable for combined corrosion and wear lab tests (tribo-corrosion). Up to now only a prototype of such equipment is available on the market and further development is required to get full confidence on mechanical and electrochemical specifications of such a set up. This work will be done in close cooperation with KULEUVEN-MTM and ECOLE CENTRALE PARIS-LGPM, and industrial companies involved in TRIBOSTAND. LIMITED ROUND ROBIN tests on selected test materials will be carried out in close cooperation with TEKNIKER to determine the performance of the tribo-corrosion equipment at the different stages of the development work. ACTIVITY 5. Start-up of a test service. FALEX TRIBOLOGY already runs an active test laboratory with both standard and customised test procedures. FALEX will make its test facilities accessible to the other partners involved in TRIBOSTAND. Additionally, the new test capabilities on tribo-corrosion will be implemented in their service support accessible to Belgian and European industry. ACTIVITY 6. Dissemination. Participation in dissemination of the project results at international tribology conferences, STLE, ASM, ASTM, FACHTAGUNGEN GOETTINGEN, LUBRICANTS ESSLINGEN, PSA GARMISCH PARTENKIRCHEN, NORDTRIB, etc.
Expertise
?The organisation has the capabilities and expertise to conduct laboratory tests with standardised test equipment. In many cases, FALEX is the ONLY manufacturer who has participated in the ASTM Round Robin tests, so FALEX equipment is the benchmark for precision statements. FALEX TRIBOLOGY N.V. has test instruments to measure surface interactions and forces in light-loaded conditions down to low-loaded conditions (µN range). FALEX TRIBOLOGY's mission statement includes the drive to become a European Centre of Excellence for tribological issues. Many tribological challenges of today exist because too many efforts have to be put into statistical testing or the development of test procedures, before efficient testing can be done. FALEX TRIBOLOGY N.V. actively encourages the re-appraisal of existing standard test procedures for determination of wear and friction, and where necessary, the adaptation of such or development of new standard procedures. This is mostly done in close response to a customer's needs, but is also developed at a higher level. FALEX TRIBOLOGY N.V. has the knowledge, experience and test facilities to be an active participant in the evaluation and improvement of current and new test standards for wear and friction. Particular expertise of interest to this TRIBOSTAND project: - FALEX TRIBOLOGY N.V. has participated in ASTM Interlaboratory cross check programmes and organised some European level Round Robin test programmes with industrial partners. The experience to run such programmes is available. - FALEX TRIBOLOGY already runs an active test laboratory with both standard and customised test procedures. The testing in this laboratory started in 2000, and turnover has grown at an average rate of 20% per year, with increased growth since 2005. We have recently moved to a larger test facility and have increased the staff, so that we are ready for the higher turnover. - FALEX TRIBOLOGY N.V. is regularly disseminating new insights into tribological issues. Dr. Dirk Drees contributes regularly with technical lectures at conferences in the field of tribology. He is a member of ASTM and STLE and thereby closely involved with standardisation issues and the needs of the technical community with respect to test procedures in the fields of lubrication, friction and wear of materials.
Main contactTRIBOTECHNIC MR. MARC BELLANTONIO > C.E.O. Organisation type > SME |
Contribution to project
The company will participate in the following activities of the project: Activity 4. Elaboration of tests: As a manufacturer of Tribometers and Scratch Testers, TRIBOTECHNIC will bring experience in test services. - Tests for determining wear resistance: * Ball-on-disk test with a tribometer * Pin-on-disk test with a tribometer * Multi-pass * Determination of the volume wear + Calculation of the coefficient of wear of the sample + Calculation of the coefficient of wear of the static partner. - Scratch tests: * Determination of parameters for testing with a Scratch Tester * Determination of the critical scratch load * Determination of the wear of tip * Determination of tip specifications for scratch tests. Activity 5. Start-up of a tribological test service in which we will offer companies from the different related sectors the harmonised tests that result from this project. TRIBOTECHNIC will participate in the conception of a Web site for the project, through which the requests for tests by clients can be channelled. Activity 6. Dissemination of results The results obtained will be disseminated via the following channels: - Oral communications at conferences that are widely attended by technicians from the sectors involved. TRIBOTECHNIC already takes part in major international conferences: ICMCTF San Diego, MRS Boston, TAE Stuttgart, PSE Garmisch, etc. - Oral communications in workshops organised with TRIBOTECHNIC's 13 distributors in each country.
Expertise
The company has conceived new tribometers and scratch testers in an innovative way, combining the results of 16 years of market experience and competent engineers who, using CAD (Computer Aided Design), developed instruments able to respond to the needs of tribology and adherence tests. In order to increase performances and reliability of mechanical parts, companies and universities are increasingly study friction properties and wear resistance of coatings and bulk materials. In order to meet their needs, we have developed versatile tribometers and scratch testers that are reliable and easy to use, and that have many new and exclusive features at minimum cost. Applications: - Coatings, bulk material, ceramics, metals, polymers, cosmetic, lubricants and oil additives, etc. - Tests for research and development, and quality control. TRIBOTECHNIC's instruments are distributed worldwide through 13 distributors.
Main contactINSTITUTO PEDRO NUNES - ASSOCIACAO PARA A INOVACAO E DESENVOLVIMENTO EM CIENCIA E TECNOLOGIA ENG. JOAO P. DIAS > ADJUNCT DIRECTOR OF LED & MAT Organisation type > Research Institute |
Contribution to project
In collaboration with CEN TC 184 WG 5 group, the Institute is working on the following tests (abrasion, thickness, adherence hardness, residual stress, etc.). Taking into account the present expertise of IPN, its role in the project will be to contribute to all standardisation actions and involves characterisation for which equipment and facilities are available at IPN. Characterisation techniques form part of the project. Apart from those already being carried out at CEN TC 184 WG 5 group, IPN can offer its services for: - Erosion tests; - Rubber Wheel abrasion dry tests; - Reciprocating sliding tests at high temperatures with or without lubricants; - Service machining (milling and turning) tests. Measurement and control of cutting forces is available using piezoelectric dynamometers. Production of coatings by PVD (Physical Vapour Density) in semi-industrial sputtering equipment is used for developing standard samples to be tested in round robin activities. Study of the structural stability of coated samples at high temperatures is possible using in-situ XRD (X-Ray Differential) and DSC/TGA (Differential Scanning Calorimetry/Thermogravimetric Analysis) equipment.
Expertise
Research, development and testing activities in: * New materials for mechanical applications, * Thin films for mechanical wear and oxidation protection, * Powder Injection of ceramic materials and new alloys, * Material selection for mechanical applications, * Failure analysis of components in service, chemical analysis of solids; * Evaluation of the oxidation and corrosion resistance of materials. Complete wear testing and evaluation of the wear resistance of materials and tools - Abrasion, erosion and sliding wear studies; - Unidirectional and reciprocating wear tests; - Industrial tests with milling and turning machining. Surface Modification Unit (SMU) working in the field of PVD magnetron coatings, with the following objectives: * Development of new coatings for different applications; * Support for the development of PVD coating for industrial application; * Technological transference of existing knowledge on coatings for industry; * Specialised training on PVD processes and surface modification; * Support to the technical activities in R&D projects; * Low series production of recently developed coatings for industrial applications.
Main contactKUL - DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING (MTM)
KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT LEUVEN PROF. JEAN-PIERRE CELIS > HEAD DIVISION CHEMICAL MTM Organisation type > University |
Contribution to project
Task 3: Development of equipment This research group will assist FALEX TRIBOLOGY N.V. in the development of sliding test equipment for tribo-corrosion test conditions. This will include the implementation of the background know-how: - on fretting behaviour of materials, - on the passivation/depassivation behaviour of materials, - on the analysis of electrochemical measurements, and - on the characterisation of worn surfaces by advanced microscopic and analytical techniques. Support to the TRIBOSTAND consortium will also be given based on the modelling approaches that have been developed at KULEUVEN-MTM, namely the active wear track concept, the mapping of wear rate in pin-on-disk tests based on the contact frequency, and the wear rate analysis based on dispatched energy. Equipment available at MTM-KULEUVEN and of interest to this project is: - fretting test equipment under mode I and II, operating in ambient air of controlled humidity and temperature, or operating at RT or at higher temperature (up to 650 degrees Celsius), or operating in liquids; - pin-on-disk equipment operating in ambient air at 50% RH and RT; - scratch tester at high normal load; - electrochemical measurement units (potentiostat/galvanostat, impedance measurements); - white light interferometer for surface roughness and wear volume determination; - nano-indentation unit for measurement of mechanical properties of surface layers; - SEM-FEG, SEM-FIB, TEM, e-SEM, XRD, XRF, AFM/LFM;
Expertise
This partner is a university research laboratory on physical, chemical and mechanical behaviour of materials. This department has about 150 persons on its payroll. A large infrastructure is available for the investigation of physical, chemical and mechanical properties of materials (metals, ceramics, fibre reinforced polymers, bulk materials or coatings and thin films). One of the 6 research groups of KULEUVEN-MTM, namely the research group on Surface Engineering and Tribology, will be involved in this TRIBOSTAND project. This research group has a long-standing experience in performing laboratory tests on the friction and wear behaviour of materials and coatings. Different test equipment has been developed over the past two decades, namely for testing under fretting mode I and mode II conditions, at RT or at elevated temperature, dry or immersed in ionic liquids. This group was involved some years ago in a standardisation project funded by BELGIUM of the internal stress measurements in thin coatings. The group owns 6 patents and has published several hundreds papers in the field of surface engineering and tribology of materials. It has been and is still involved in different industrial projects funded by the CEC in its different framework programmes.
Main contactCENTRALE RECHERCHE S.A. - ECOLE CENTRALE PARIS (CRSA-ECP) PROF. DR. PIERRE PONTHIAUX > Organisation type > University |
Contribution to project
?The Tribocorrosion team and the laboratory LGPM of the ECOLE CENTRALE PARIS intend to take part in the different WP (Working Packages) of the project in close collaboration with the other partners: * Activity 1. Bibliographic search Compilation of all the standards and regulations related to the methods under study. * Activity 2. Selection of tests to be included in the project First, each participating Research Centre will supply a list of possible non-standardised own tests to be included in the project. This information will then enable the collation of all the protocols presently being used to conduct these tests, together with the standards and reference documents. This activity will yield a definitive joint list of the tests to be studied during the project. * Activity 3. Selection of equipment and samples for performance of the tests Once the test methods to be studied have been established, the equipment available in the consortium for carrying out the necessary tests will be inventoried. The samples on which each test is to be performed will also be established. Specifically, the following tasks will be carried out: Task 3.1: Preparation of a list of the equipment available at each Research Centre for performance of the tests previously selected in Activity 2. Task 3.2: In most cases, the participants in the project will have different items of equipment for carrying out the same test. Therefore, it will be necessary to provide for a selection of appropriate standards for their calibration (verification). Round-robin inter-comparison tests will be held to validate the results of all the available equipment. The results obtained will be analysed. Task 3.3: The materials to be used for conducting the different tests will be selected by taking into account the types of materials to which each test is devoted and each material's range of properties. In cases where the same test is used for several types of materials, these will all need to be available for study. Samples with different characteristics (surface roughness, mechanical properties, type of coating, etc.) encompassing the entire working range, will be prepared in accordance with the selection made. * Activity 4. Study of the tests (one activity per test) A similar activity will be programmed for each test to be studied. All these activities will follow the same work scheme: Task 4.1: Tests will be conducted applying different values to the working variables which could influence the results. Analysis of the results will then allow for establishing the optimum value of each variable, which will be adopted as valid. Task 4.2: Tests will be conducted under the conditions established in the foregoing subtask on the materials selected in Task 3.3 Task 4.3: Round-robin inter-comparison tests will be carried out by the participating Centres on two of the materials used in Task 4.2. Task 4.4: The results obtained in Task 4.3 will be analysed and an uncertainty calculation will be made where applicable. Task 4.5: Based on the results obtained and verifications conducted, a common definitive protocol will be drawn up for the test. * Activity 5. Start-up of a test service The members of the consortium will launch an external tribological test service in which they will offer companies from the different related sectors the harmonised tests that result from this project. To develop this service it will be necessary to create a Web site for the project, through which the requests for tests by clients can be channelled. The Web site will feature a catalogue detailing the test capabilities of each of the organisations in the project consortium. * Activity 6. Dissemination of results.
Expertise
?The Tribocorrosion team of the 'Laboratoire Genie des Procedes et Materiaux' (LGPM) of ECOLE CENTRALE PARIS. Staff: Director of the laboratory: Pr. Jean-Bernard Guillot Tribocorrosion team: Dr. Pierre Ponthiaux, Francois Wenger, professors. The research work of the Tribocorrosion team is focused on investigating the processes generating damage and wear of surfaces on various categories of materials (metallic, non-metallic). In particular, chemical, electrochemical (corrosion) and mechanical (friction) phenomena are considered. Most common mechanical systems in service conditions are subjected to the combined actions of mechanical and environmental (chemical, electrochemical) phenomena (tribocorrosion process). Complex interactions occur between these two categories of phenomena. Friction applied on a surface induces changes in its chemical or electrochemical reactivity and conversely, corrosion or chemical attack changes the topography (roughness, shape) of the surface, as well as its composition and mechanical properties. Understanding the mechanisms of these interactions and the consequences on the damaging and wear process is a major challenge for the development of tribological research, and the main objective of the research work of the Tribocorrosion team of LGPM. During our studies, experimental investigations are carried out down to the microscopic scale, to take into account during the development of tribocorrosion and wear models the major effects of the strong heterogeneity usually affecting the surfaces subjected to friction. Tribocorrosion studies have been carried out by the team on various metallic and non-metallic materials, in relation to tribocorrosion problems affecting mechanical systems in different sectors: nuclear industry, car industry, mechanical industry, health sector. Many materials were studied including stainless steels, aluminium alloys, zirconium alloys, and also metallic or non-metallic materials for medical applications (prostheses, implants), such as titanium, or glass-ionomer cements. The behaviour of coatings (obtained using a PVD technique or electro-deposition) like CrN or ZrN coatings, or composite coatings (metal+SiC or ZrO2 particles), was also investigated. The Tribocorrosion team has various tribological and electrochemical experimental facilities at its disposal: pin-on-disk tribometers for tribocorrosion tests in liquids (corrosive aqueous media, lubricants), various electrochemical techniques for corrosion study: polarisation curve recording, electrochemical impedance measurements, electrochemical noise spectrum analysis, etc. In addition, the team has access to the research facilities of LGPM, and of the Research Centre of the ECOLE CENTRALE PARIS: optical and electronic microscopy, various techniques for surface chemical analysis, high-resolution micro-topography, micro-hardness measurements, tensile stress machines, various spectroscopic techniques for chemical analysis, etc. Owing to the multidisciplinary character of the tribocorrosion studies, the team has developed numerous collaborations with academic partners or research institutes who have complementary competencies, techniques and skills: MTM-KUL (BELGIUM), EPFL (SWITZERLAND), CNRS, CEA, etc. Considering the concrete aspect of the tribocorrosion process in the industrial sector, the Tribocorrosion team has also developed close relations with industrial partners concerned by tribological and wear problems (EDF, RENAULT, etc.). By this policy, the contents of research are continuously inspired and renewed by concrete industrial problems. Conversely, knowledge and technology transfers towards industry can be achieved. The tribocorrosion team also takes part in several national or European networking activities and responsibilities in the field of tribology and tribocorrosion: * ENIWEP EUREKA Umbrella (Improved transfer and exploitation of results in the field of wear prevention and friction optimisation to industry, particularly SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises)), (Emission reduction from engines and transmissions substituting harmful additives in bio-lubricants by triboreactive material) * EREBIO Project, (Complex Metal Alloys) * CMA-NOE ('Commission Tribocorrosion' of the 'CEFRACOR' (Centre Francais de l'Anticorrosion)), * COST 533, Working Party 18 (Tribocorrosion) of the European Federation of Corrosion.
Main contactFRITTA S.L. MR. FERNANDO LUCAS > CHEMIST, R & D DEPARTMENT Organisation type > Large company |
Contribution to project
The organisation will participate in the following activities of the project: * Activity 4. Study of the tests FRITTA, as a ceramic glaze producer, will provide the necessary ceramic tile samples to run the tests on them. * Activity 5. Start-up of a testing service FRITTA will participate in the start-up of this service as a final user. * Activity 6. Dissemination of results FRITTA will contribute to the results dissemination by participating in the writing of technical reports and through practical application of the results.
Expertise
The organisation, with its head office in Onda (Castellon), is a company dedicated to the manufacture and distribution of frits, glazes and ceramic pigments. These products are semi-processed materials and are the main components of ceramic floor and wall tile glaze coatings. FRITTA not only sells the products that it makes, but also provides technical support for all its clients in relation to both the initial production of the materials at the client's facility and the monitoring of these materials in the course of the entire production cycle. It is in this spirit of providing the company's clients with the maximum technological services that the interest in participating in this project is based. FRITTA's technological capacity can be evaluated from its available capability for the development and adaptation of new products, and for the solution of the problems that clients come to face, i.e. from the capability of conducting tasks that are not strictly production or laboratory tasks. The FRITTA laboratory is staffed by 71 people, nine of whom are engaged in basic research into new product development (ceramic frits and glazes) and in the development of large-scale research projects in collaboration with outside Centres and other companies. The work carried out during the last decade, particularly by the R&D Department, has been based on a policy of generating products for the medium–high level range, with a view to putting FRITTA S.L. in a competitive position, differentiated by quality of performance. This has led to the contribution of new products and methods to the sector, which have enabled ceramic tile quality to be improved. This work has been publicly recognised and FRITTA has been awarded numerous prizes. The company pursues new lines of research in the search for materials with highly differential values in terms of material aesthetic and functional performances, and in non-conventional glaze application systems. One of the most noteworthy projects has been the development of a system for fitting porcelain tile with photovoltaic cells. This project has been carried out with ISOFOTON and has led to a product that allows for integration of photovoltaic panels into architecture, both in roofs and facades. The product acts simultaneously as a constructive element and as a photovoltaic generator. The most remarkable realisation has been in the form of a noise barrier (1 km long and 4 m high) in Freising, GERMANY, with 6,750 porcelain tiles, size 100 x 50 cm, made by PAMESA (Castellon), with photovoltaic cells fitted according to the patented FRITTA-ISOFOTON system, assembled at ISOFOTON, with a peak power of 338 kWp (Kilowatt-peak). This photovoltaic noise barrier is the largest in the world and was presented as a novelty at the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference (Paris, June 2004). In 2001 and 2002, FRITTA further conducted the project 'Obtainment of ceramic glazes by non-conventional routes', funded by CDTI and PROFIT. This project served to acquire a greater command of certain micro-structural techniques, equipping the company with advanced instrumentation, and enabled the fine-tuning of PVD (physical vapour deposition) technology for glazing ceramic materials with metallised micro-layers. This work resulted in the Alfa de Oro Award at the Cevisama 2002 trade fair in Valencia (SPAIN). In 2003, again with PROFIT funding, this was followed up by the design, in collaboration with TEKNIKER, of a pilot plant for production of ceramic tiles glazed by PVD in a continuous regime. In 2004 and 2005, projects were carried out on the 'Reduction of CO2 emissions' and the 'Study of UV (Ultraviolet) radiation-cured coatings for ceramic tiles'. Both projects were funded by CDTI (for the two years) and by PROFIT (for 2004). In the European framework, in the period 1998-2000, FRITTA participated in an ESPRIT project (code 26991) in the EC Fourth Framework Programme. The project, called 'RUNNER', was entitled: 'Rapid and Dynamic Knowledge Access in Distributed Enterprise Environment Using Mediator Agents' and was conducted in collaboration with PIRELLI (ITALY), ROVER (UNITED KINGDOM) and STUTTGART UNIVERSITY (GERMANY).
Main contactFCT-UC / FACULTADE DE CIENCIAS E TECNOLOGIA
UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA DR. AMILCAR RAMALHO > Professor/Researcher Organisation type > University |
Contribution to project
The University (FCTUC) will participate in the following activities of the project: * Activity 2: Selection of tests to be included in the project FCTUC will contribute to this activity taking into account the experience, knowledge and experimental equipment of the Mechanical Construction Laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Department. The equipment available to be used is as follows: Tribological characterisation - Fretting high frequency point contact equipment; - Micro scale abrasion by ball cratering to study plan surfaces; - Micro scale abrasion by cross-cylinders to study cylindrical surfaces; - Sliding friction and wear test by unidirectional cross-cylinder (block-on-ring) tester; - Sliding friction and wear test by reciprocating ball-on-plan; - Load – scanning type by sliding friction; - Roughmeter. Mechanical characterisation - Determination of elastic modulus by resonant beam testing. * Activity 3: Selection of equipment and samples for performance of the tests The knowledge of the Mechanical Construction Laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Department of FCTUC, on the tribological characterisation of coated and uncoated metallic materials and on composites, as well on the characterisation of mechanical responses of testing equipment, could be a contribution in the scope of this task. * Activity 4: Study of the tests (one activity per test) FCTUC will participate in this activity with the tests for which we have adequate equipment. Our experience could also be interesting for defining the test conditions and procedure for result analysis. * Activity 5: Start-up of a test service FCTUC could offer tribological characterisation services. * Activity 6: Dissemination of the project results FCTUC could contribute to the dissemination of the results, participating in publications and also in workshops and meetings.
Expertise
Tribological characterisation of engineering materials is one of the main research fields of the Mechanical Construction Group of the Mechanical Engineering Department, FCTUC. During recent years, several basic research projects and applied contracts with the industry have been carried out in different domains, namely: mechanical components, tools and biomaterials. The research topics already carried out involved mechanical and tribological characterisation. Concerning the tribological approach, in addition to the study of wear mechanisms and the quantification of both wear resistance and friction behaviour, the reliability of both pieces of equipment and test procedures have also been carefully characterised. The experience acquired allows the group to reach high standards in several tribological experimental techniques, especially micro-scale abrasion, fretting and load-scanning. Tribological studies were conducted by the group on various metallic and non-metallic materials, including materials for biological applications and thin coatings. Concerning the mechanical characterisation, the group has access to the research equipment of the Mechanical Engineering Department. The main equipment available includes a SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis), laser 3D profilometer, fatigue rigs, and tensile and hardness testers. The establishment of a knowledge basis to spread the use of an energy approach for most friction and wear tests is one of the major objectives of the research group. The development of a new technique and the adaptation of the test procedures to characterise the micro scale abrasion of coated and uncoated cylindrical surfaces was one of the important achievements of the Mechanical Construction Group.
Main contactASOCIACION DE LA INDUSTRIA NAVARRA (AIN)
DR. GONZALO G. FUENTES > R & D MANAGER Organisation type > Research Institute |
Contribution to project
The Institute will be contributing to the standardisation project with the following characterisation techniques. AIN TESTS * Tests for determining mechanical properties: - Determination of H and E with an Ultramicrotester (Vickers indenter). - Determination of toughness from the tracks produced by Vickers indentation with a microhardness tester. * Determination of coating thickness (< 30 Ampere Micrometer) with a Calotest. * Methods for determining surface roughness (2D and 3D parameters): - Roughness meter with mechanical pick-up (3 Ampere micrometer without skid). - Optical profiler (white light interferometry). * Tests for determining wear resistance: - Determination of the volume of the crater produced with a Calotest. - Ball-on-disk test with a tribometer. - Pin-on-disk test with a tribometer. SCRATCH TESTS - Multi-pass scratch tests; constant load. - Determination of parameters QR and QD with a Scratch Tester.
Expertise
The Institute (AIN) is a Technological Centre with a range of Private Non-Profit organisations (PNP) established in 1963, and bringing together more than 150 companies from the Northern SPAIN region of Navarra. AIN provides technological service and assistance for project development to nearly 1000 industries. The AIN's Centre of Advanced Surface Engineering was created in 1988 in response to the increasing industrial demand for the implantation of novel surface treatment technologies aimed at improving the productivity of processes requiring optimal quality and long time-of-life surfaces. The Centre is devoted to identifying, incorporating, developing and transferring present and future surface treatment technologies to more than 300 clients located throughout the Spanish regions. Since its foundation, the AIN's Centre of Advanced Surface Engineering has investigated topics related to surface wear, friction and corrosion in all kinds of machining tools and industrial components, and has developed new functional surfaces for different applications. To reach these goals, the Centre is at present very active in technologies including: - Advanced surface treatments: * Ion Implantation. * PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition)/IBAD (Iron Beam Assisted Deposition) coatings. * Spin Coating. - Surface characterisation: * Microhardness testing. * Tribology (wear and friction). * Coating characterisation (calotest, scratch test, analysis GD-OED). * HR-TEM (High Resolution - Transmission Electron Microscope) for micro and nano-analysis. * Surface topography and profilometry. The wide experience accumulated over recent years in the field of tribology justifies the incorporation of characterisation standards on the AIN's laboratory portfolio. More and more industries are now demanding standardised characterisation for quality assessment from validation laboratories. To meet this demand, the laboratory of Surface Engineering and tribology at AIN is contributing to achieving standards in characterisation techniques as described in the contribution. AIN has participated in several European R & D projects within the main programmes: BRITE/EURAM, ESPRIT, FLAIR, JOULE, SPRINT, INNOVATION, INFO2000, EUREKA, GROWTH, IST etc. More relevant running projects are those of FP6: MASMICRO 'Integration of Manufacturing Systems for Mass-Manufacture of Miniature/MicroProducts', and NEWBONE 'Development of load-bearing fibre reinforced composite based non-metallic biomimetic bone implants'. In most of them, AIN has developed the role of 'industrial partner' and, when possible, has encouraged other Spanish industries to join the R & D consortia. AIN is putting much effort into adapting its tribo-characterisation facilities in the ceramic sector. Previous experience in this sector is being used in Surface Engineering, mainly for new functional thin films and their tribological properties: decorative coatings and anti-sliding films. The Centre of Advanced Surface Engineering has participated in different EUREKA actions for the industrialisation of Surface Technologies: E! 2949 CREST 'Coating removal for Enhance Tooling Service' and E! 3499 DUBIOP 'Duplex Processes for Biocompatible Prostheses', bringing both Spanish and British SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises) to the project. In addition, AIN is participating in the EUREKA Umbrella ENIWEP, from which this proposal emerges. AIN is also a rather active centre for technology dissemination among industry, research centres and higher education institutes. Annually, AIN publishes 5-20 scientific papers and 3-4 technological bulletins, and holds one Surface Engineering Seminar.
Main contactINSTITUTO DE TECNOLOGIA CERAMICA - AICE (ITC) DR. PHD MARIA JESUS IBANEZ > HEAD OF UNIT FOR SURFACES PROPERTIES Organisation type > Research Institute |
Contribution to project
The Institute will coordinate this project, as described in point 2.2 of this document. ITC will be involved in every technical task proposed in the work plan: ACTIVITY 1. Bibliographic search ITC has a documentation centre able to gather all existing regulations and a bibliography that could be needed in the development of the project. ACTIVITY 2. Selection of tests to be included in the project ITC will contribute to this activity with the tribological tests developed in its surface properties unit. These are: - Determination of coating thickness (< 30 micrometers) with a Calotest. - Tests for determining wear resistance: * Determination of the volume of the crater produced with a Calotest * Ball-on-disk test with a tribometer * Pin-on-disk test with a tribometer * Multi-pass Nanotest. - Scratch tests: * Determination of parameters QR and QD with a Scratch Tester * Determination of the critical scratch load with a Nanotest. - Tests for determining mechanical properties: * Determination of H and E with a Nanotest (Berkovich indenter) * Determination of toughness from the tracks produced by VICKERS indentation with a micro-hardness tester. - Impact test (fatigue) with a Nanotest. - Methods for determining surface roughness (2D (Two-Dimensional) and 3D (Three-Dimensional parameters)): * Roughness meter with mechanical pick-up (3 micrometer without skid) * Optical profiler (white light interferometry). ACTIVITY 3. Selection of equipment and samples for performance of the tests Apart from the equipment used to run the mentioned tests, the main contribution of ITC to this activity will be its knowledge about ceramic materials behaviour, which will facilitate the selection of ceramic samples (bulk or coatings) for this work. ACTIVITY 4. Study of the tests (one activity per test) ITC will actively participate in all these activities for which we have the adequate equipment. As coordinator of this project, ITC will draw up the planning for the tests run and the inter-laboratory process. ACTIVITY 5. Start-up of a test service ITC will also be a member of this tribological test service, with a special focus on ceramic material studies. ITC will lead Activity 6, dissemination of the results, which will include development of the project Website.
Expertise
In recent years, ITC has worked on the application of tribology techniques for the study of ceramic surface performances. ITC has been conducting studies for many years on the properties of ceramic surfaces. These have led to various lines of work and a number of research projects in the field of tribology. Studies have addressed the mechanisms that cause surface wear in materials, particularly in ceramics. During the course of this work, methods simulating wear in traditional ceramic products (floor tiles, porcelain tableware, etc.) have been fine-tuned, while the influence of microstructure and surface mechanical properties on the tribological behaviour of surfaces has also been studied. ITC has introduced roughness measurement techniques in the field of traditional ceramics, which have meant that wear as loss of volume could be evaluated, and which have allowed for relating roughness to aesthetic properties. Indentation techniques have been adopted for the determination of the mechanical properties of ceramic surfaces, and studies have been conducted to establish the appropriate conditions for carrying out these determinations. ITC therefore participated in project PL-95-2122: 'Measurement of surface hardness of ceramic tiles by Vickers indentation method', funded by the EUROPEAN COMMISSION, devoted to establishing a method for determining the Vickers micro-hardness of ceramic tile surfaces. The mechanisms that lead to surface scratching of ceramics have been studied, while methods for determining scratch resistance have also been established. This enables quantification of this behaviour and the ability to relate it to other surface characteristics. A technique has been implemented, based on nano-indentation, which allows for studying the elastic behaviour of thin coatings when these are subject to scratching, wear or impact. A collective research project (CRAFT), POLISHCOVERINGS (G1ST - CT - 2002 - 50190) funded by the EUROPEAN COMMISSION has been conducted, in which the porcelain tile polishing process has been studied in depth. Other projects funded by the EUROPEAN COMMISSION and related to tribology are: - KMM-NoE 502243-2 - Knowledge-based Multi-component Materials for Durable and Safe Performance (2004-2007). - Measurement of surface hardness of ceramic tiles using the Vickers indentation method (1995-1999).
Main contactFUNDACION TEKNIKER
DR. AMAYA IGARTUA > HEAD OF AREA: TRIBOLOGY IN ADVERSE CONDITIONS Organisation type > Research Institute |
Contribution to project
The Institute will contribute to the project with: Determining the properties of the coatings by means of: - Abrasion tests. - Scratch tests (adherence of the coating). - Nano-indentation tests (hardness). - Calotests. - SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). - 2D and 3D profilometry. - Confocal microscopy. - AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy). Tribological properties: - Abrasion resistance by means of ball on disc tests. - Adhesion resistance by means of four ball tests. - Extreme pressure and anti-wear properties for rotatory movement. - Extreme pressure and anti-wear properties for oscillatory movement. - Piston ring/cylinder liner simulation. - Valve/guide simulation tests. - Bearing simulation tests. - Fretting tests. - Tribocorrosion tests. - Impact tests. - Gear simulation tests. - Rolling fatigue, line contact. - Rolling fatigue, point contact. - Evaluation of friction properties with a micro-tribological test machine.
Expertise
The Institute is developing the following tests (abrasion, thickness, adherence hardness, residual stress, etc.) in collaboration with the CEN TC 184 WG 5 group. In collaboration with BAM, TEKNIKER is developing several standards for carrying out tests on oscillatory movements with the SRV machine (DIN -Deutsches Institut fuer Normung e.v.- 65593 (51834-8) tribological tests of solid bonded lubricants, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) 5706, EP properties of greases, ASTM 51834-3 tribological properties of materials and lubricants, ASTM 5707 Friction properties of greases, etc.). TEKNIKER is collaborating in the standardisation of piston ring/cylinder liner contact, in collaboration with a group of companies (TARABUSI, DAIMLERCHRYSLER, BMW, etc.) and research institutes coordinated by BAM. TEKNIKER is collaborating with TRW and KRISTAL partners in the creation of a standard in the tribological contact between the metal (normally coated) and seals. TEKNIKER is collaborating with FALEX and INEGI to create a standard for the simulation of gears with the Falex Multispecimen machine as an output from the EREBIO project. TEKNIKER is collaborating with CRSA - ECOLE CENTRALE OF PARIS and the UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN, and is trying to develop standards in corrosion and tribo-corrosion. Normally this standardisation task is not financially supported or is the output from research projects. The objective of this EUREKA project is to try to bring similar experiences from other partners, and create a strong synergy at European level in order to translate the standardisation experience into standards, supported by the administration, such that it will enable the creation of 'advanced tribological services' in relation to tribology in research centres. The participants will know the procedures in advance and will be able to influence their definition and bring their experience to Europe.